SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    492, 684, 578, 742, 667, 562, 603, 523, 
    452, 436
  )

Query time 0.00011

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["parent"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "rows": 10,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (492,684,578,742,667,562,603,523,452,436)"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}