SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    10846, 7515, 20538, 9721, 20433, 20539, 
    19129, 20732, 19024, 19471, 20733, 
    20729, 9286, 18885, 19707, 19417, 19039, 
    19710, 8670, 19046, 19548, 8669, 19047, 
    19537, 20525, 20512, 20770, 20526, 
    20514, 19072, 7608, 20515, 9539
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00071

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
          "key": "pt",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
          "rows": 33,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_products_categories.product_id in (10846,7515,20538,9721,20433,20539,19129,20732,19024,19471,20733,20729,9286,18885,19707,19417,19039,19710,8670,19046,19548,8669,19047,19537,20525,20512,20770,20526,20514,19072,7608,20515,9539)"
        }
      },
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "eq_ref",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "c_status", "p_category_id"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
          "ref": ["lillyshop_lillyshop.cscart_products_categories.category_id"],
          "rows": 1,
          "filtered": 100,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.storefront_id in (0,1) and (cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' or find_in_set(0,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids) or find_in_set(1,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids)) and cscart_categories.`status` in ('A','H')"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}