SELECT 
  category_id, 
  category 
FROM 
  cscart_category_descriptions 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (
    417, 441, 451, 458, 393, 538, 387, 484, 
    673, 502, 390, 404
  ) 
  AND lang_code = 'ru'

Query time 0.00044

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_category_descriptions",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "9",
          "used_key_parts": ["category_id", "lang_code"],
          "rows": 12,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_category_descriptions.category_id in (417,441,451,458,393,538,387,484,673,502,390,404) and cscart_category_descriptions.lang_code = 'ru'"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}