SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    543, 412, 465, 588, 613, 398, 605, 542
  )

Query time 0.00025

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["parent"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "rows": 8,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (543,412,465,588,613,398,605,542)"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}