SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    12750, 20782, 20306, 23339, 6863, 22527, 
    9296, 20147, 21081, 19788, 20776, 20781, 
    20303, 20304, 20305, 18797
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.01975

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_product_prices.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "nested_loop": [
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
              "access_type": "ref",
              "possible_keys": [
                "usergroup",
                "product_id",
                "lower_limit",
                "usergroup_id"
              ],
              "key": "lower_limit",
              "key_length": "3",
              "used_key_parts": ["lower_limit"],
              "ref": ["const"],
              "rows": 11706,
              "filtered": 4.646792412,
              "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit <=> 1 and cscart_product_prices.product_id in (12750,20782,20306,23339,6863,22527,9296,20147,21081,19788,20776,20781,20303,20304,20305,18797) and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}