SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    13015, 12035, 10495, 12901, 13116, 13174, 
    19823, 11119, 12115, 10863, 18183, 
    7559, 11648, 12499, 10687, 8172, 13141, 
    9450, 18553, 7626, 18432
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.01196

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_product_prices.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "nested_loop": [
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
              "access_type": "ref",
              "possible_keys": [
                "usergroup",
                "product_id",
                "lower_limit",
                "usergroup_id"
              ],
              "key": "lower_limit",
              "key_length": "3",
              "used_key_parts": ["lower_limit"],
              "ref": ["const"],
              "rows": 11706,
              "filtered": 7.533954144,
              "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit <=> 1 and cscart_product_prices.product_id in (13015,12035,10495,12901,13116,13174,19823,11119,12115,10863,18183,7559,11648,12499,10687,8172,13141,9450,18553,7626,18432) and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}