SELECT 
  category_id, 
  category 
FROM 
  cscart_category_descriptions 
WHERE 
  category_id IN (385, 589, 590) 
  AND lang_code = 'ru'

Query time 0.00046

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_category_descriptions",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY"],
          "key": "PRIMARY",
          "key_length": "9",
          "used_key_parts": ["category_id", "lang_code"],
          "rows": 3,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_category_descriptions.category_id in (385,589,590) and cscart_category_descriptions.lang_code = 'ru'"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}