SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    474, 457, 599, 756, 566, 483, 621, 482, 
    460, 467, 456, 839, 1071, 1180
  )

Query time 0.00032

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["parent"],
          "key": "parent",
          "key_length": "3",
          "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
          "rows": 23,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (474,457,599,756,566,483,621,482,460,467,456,839,1071,1180)"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}